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GLYCERINE 



AND ITS USES. 



'of\ 



MARX & RAWOLLE, 

MANUFACTURERS, 

NEW YORK. 





S&S&ECTFlP&Ar &KXSSJtTEB 



BY 



MAKX & KAWOLLE 



MANUFACTURERS OF 



awM 



iLYonnn 



179 William Street, New York. 



V 









Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873, 

By MARX & RAWOLLE, 

in the office of the Librarian of Congress 5 at Washington, D. C. 



Respectfully Presented 



by 



MARX & RAWOLLE. 

Manufacturers o* 



If 9 Wmium Street, New York, 

JANUARY, 1873. 



Glycerine is contained in nearly all oily and fatty 
bodies, and is one of those articles which the genius of 
modern chemistry extracts from what was formerly a waste 
substance. 

Crude Glycerine is a secondary product, obtained in 
large quantities in the manufacture of candles, and also 
from the saponification of fats in making soaps. The 
crude thus made has a light to dark brown color, and is 
more or less contaminated with salts, fatty acids, coloring 
matter, and many other impurities. It is the business of 
the Glycerine manufacturer to produce the pure white, 
from the impure brown crude. 

In former years, when Glycerine was first made out- 
side of the chemist's laboratory, the crude was bleached 
with animal charcoal, and treated and refined with chemi- 
cals ; were such a refined Glycerine to be compared with 



4 MARX & RAWOLLE, GLYCERINE MANUFACTURERS. 

the best now made, it would be difficult to recognize the 
former as Glycerine. 

In this, as well as in all other branches of industry, 
time and experience have worked wonders, and American 
manufacturers may well be proud of the superior excel- 
lence and quality of their Glycerine, distancing all foreign 
competitors. The great consumption of the article since 
its fi>st introduction, has induced a praiseworthy com- 
petition amongst manufacturers, and has resulted in giv- 
ing at present to consumers a pure and cheap Glycerine. 

A number of years ago, we were obliged to supply 
our wants in Europe, because there were no manufacturers 
making the article in this country. But times have 
changed, and now Americans are making a better quality 
at a lower price than any that is imported. This state- 
ment may appear exaggerated, but it is a fact which every 
person so desirous can prove for his own satisfaction by 
investigation. 

The false impression has generally gained belief, that 
imported articles are superior to home made, and where 
this be true in some branches, it certainly is far from be- 
ing the case with Glycerine. As a proof of the correct- 
ness of our assertion, we can state, that all large consu- 
mers and wholesale druggists throughout the United 
States, who require a chemically pure Glycerine, invaria- 
bly buy the American make ; they know that the foreign 
does not begin to compare favorably with the American, 
in quality and uniform standard. Perhaps it will be re- 
plied, that our Import Duty is so high as to prove a prac- 
tical prohibition for the foreign importation of pure white 
Glycerine ; not so — the duty on both pure white and on 
crude Glycerine is the same. If American manufacturers 
were able to buy the crude Glycerine at as cheap a price as 
their foreign competitors, they would drive the latter out 



MARX & RAWOLLE, GLYCERINE MANUFACTURERS. 

of their own markets, by exporting our superior quality. 
Under these circumstances, we are surprised that some 
dealers are called upon to furnish their customers with 
the foreign Glycerines of Sarg, Merck, De Haen, Schering, 
and others, and we can only attribute such demand to the 
fact, that these brands became known and established 
in the market before American manufacturers arrived at 
their present stage of excellence ; and were all small con- 
sumers of Glycerine as well posted as the larger are, we 
feel confident that not another pound of European white 
Glycerine would be imported. 

No chemically pure Glycerine can be made by means 
of filtration through charcoal, and by employment of 
chemicals. The only process to accomplish the desired 
result is by means of repeated distillation — this is the 
mode we employ, and it gives us an article that is always 
uniform in quality, colorless and odorless, like distilled 
water, of the highest specific gravity, and chemically pure. 

We can, therefore, safely and conscientiously recom- 
mend the superiority of our product, as proved by the sat- 
isfactory dealings with our customers. 

Some consumers are buying and using yellow Glycer- 
ine for manufacturing purposes. We believe this to be a 
mistaken economy, as we have always learned that the 
purest and best Glycerine is the cheapest. 

The production of pure Glycerine is comparatively of 
recent date: and possessing, as it does, so many wonder- 
ful properties, it has gained a very wide application in 
the arts and sciences, and has supplied a long felt want in 
pharmaceutical preparations. T*or nearly all purposes the 
highest degree of purity and density are of the greatest 
importance; and, as the consumption of Glycerine is grow- 
ing constantly, we herewith respectfully submit the follow- 
ing ; our aim being to present all the practical informa- 



6 MARX & RAWOLLE, GLYCERINE MANUFACTURERS. 

tion on the subject, in as clear and concise a form as 
possible, and with this view, we have made liberal extracts 
from the pamphlets on " Glycerine," by Dr. A. Burge- 
meister, Dr. Henry Hartshorne, and from other books of 
reference. 



PROPERTIES. 

Chemically pure Glycerine is a non-crystallizable, oily, 
viscid, colorless and odorless liquid, having an intensely 
sweet taste. 

The chief properties upon which the value of Glycerine 
depends, are its solvent and dissolvent powers, its non- 
liability to freeze when exposed to low temperatures, its 
exceedingly slight volatility below 200° Fahr., and its effi- 
ciency as a preservative agent. 

Glycerine is not a fatty body; the oleaginous proper- 
ties belonging rather to the fatty acids, with which it com- 
bines. It is not a sugar, although very sweet to the taste, 
since it will not ferment with yeast at any temperature ; 
and in composition and other relations it does not corres- 
pond with the saccharine bodies. It is properly classified 
with the alcohols, as a "triatomic alcohol ;" that is, one 
atom of it neutralizes three of an acid, which would re- 
quire three equivalents of soda or potash for the same 
effect. 

Glycerine remains unfrozen at — 35°C. ( — 31°F.) 
Heated to a red heat, it burns with a luminous blue flame. 
At 527° Fahr. it boils. It is neutral to test paper. It 
does not evaporate in the air, but absorbs moisture when 
exposed. 



MARX ft RAW0LLE, GLYCERrNE MANUFACTURERS. 7 

Glycerine is soluble, and mixes readily in all propor- 
tions with water, alcohol and chloroform, and, while in- 
creasing the density of the mixture, it lowers the freezing 
point. The great variety of substances which it is capable 
of dissolving, places Glycerine next to water, as a medium 
for solutions — such as potash, soda, oxide of lead, nearly 
all the metallic salts soluble in water; many of the metal- 
loids, such as sulphur, phosphorous, iodine and bromine ; 
the vegetable acids, alkaloids, extracts and juices, and also 
many of the coloring matters, whether vegetable or ani- 
mal. 

It will be readily seen from the above, that the field 
for employment of Glycerine is a very extended one, and 
although it has already found a large application, yet the 
many wonderful properties it possesses, guarantee it a 
still wider scope for future uses, that are not thought of 
at present, and, in the words of "Wilson, " not a tithe of its 
uses have yet been developed." 



MEDICAL USES. 

Tor the use of the physician and druggist Glycerine 
must be absolutely pure ; free from chlorine, lead, lime, 
sulphuric acid, volatile fatty acids, and glucose; and both 
colorless and inodorous. 

Externally applied, Glycerine has no specific influence 
over cutaneous disorders, but is an excellent emollient, 
especially in erysipelas, scaly eruptions, burns and gangren- 
ous wounds. It may be made the vehicle for any of the 
preparations used for skin diseases ; may be diluted, if 
necessary, for open, fresh wounds, and may have bromine* 
carbolic acid, etc., dissolved in it for gangrene. 



8 MARX & RAW0LLE, GLYCERINE MANUFACTURERS. 

In pharmacy, solutions or compounds of Glycerine, 
are more stable than aqueous, oleaginous, or saccharine 
preparations, while they are less stimulant, and generally 
more agreeable than alcoholic tinctures. 

Medicine. — Glycerine is substituted, and should al- 
ways be used, instead of syrup in medicines, on account 
of its great solvent power; mixing well with most sub- 
stances, and acting as a preservative in preventing the 
medicine from decomposing and fermenting. It is perfectly 
innocuous, causes no deleterious effect to the system, 
and produces no disturbance in the most delicate stomach. 

Ointments. — Glycerine is used advantageously to 
replace lard in ointments. It is mixed with pills to 
prevent their drying and becoming hard. 

Sores and Ulcers. — Glycerine combines the proper- 
ties of a fat with those of water, having an oily touch. It 
is highly recommended for scalds, burns, sores, etc. ; it is 
to be applied with a ball of lint, or with a soft brush, 
several times a day, thus preventing all ulceration. It is 
said that deep burns thus treated will heal completely, 
without leaving a scar or mark. For a sore nose it is 
invaluable, by moistening the nose with it, both internally 
and externally. 

Liniments — A most excellent liniment is made by 
adding one part carbolic acid to five parts Glycerine. It 
is a sovereign remedy for cuts, sores, ulcers, gangrenous 
w r ounds, etc. Every person should have this mixture, as 
it is a superior liniment for man or beast, and is highly 
recommended for horses galled by harness. 

Catarrh. — For catarrhal complaints, coughs, inflam- 
mation of the throat, and mucus catarrhal discharges, it 



MARX & RAWOLLE, GLYCERINE MANUFACTURERS. 9 

is an excellent remedy, by gargling and swallowing a tea- 
spoonful several times a day — either pure or half mixed 
with whiskey; the phlegm dissolves, is readily removed, 
and thus takes away the cause for the irritating cough, 
and affords a speedy relief. 

Deafness. — Glycerine has the property of softening 
animal tissues and skins, making them quite transparent, 
and hence it is applied to microscopical observations. If 
a small ball of cotton be saturated with Glycerine, and 
this be pushed back in the ear as far as possible, it will 
soon soften and remove any present hardened ear-wax 
at the same time developing a sensation of warmth and a 
slight ear-ringing. This remedy was first practiced by a 
celebrated German physician, who thereby effected many 
cures of deafness, resulting from a hardening of the ear- 
wax. 

Hair. — For preserving and promoting the growth of 
the hah-, Glycerine stands unrivalled and unequalled. 
Dandruff is a diseased condition of the epidermis, and 
undoubtedly causes the hair to fall out, and there is no- 
thing that will cure, prevent and remove dandruff quicker 
than Glycerine, rubbing the skin under the hair or beard 
with it by the palm of the hand. This use of Glycerine 
will make the hair more liable to catch dust, but then it 
imparts to the hair a beautiful gloss, and effects an other- 
wise impossible cure— with one daily application such a 
thing as failure is unknown. And as Glycerine can be 
very easily perfumed, there is every reason why it should 
replace hair oils and pomatums in all instances. 

Hair Tonic — A Hair Tonic possessing intrinsic merits, 
superior to any oleaginous compound, is obtained by tak- 
ing one part Glycerine and one part water, shaking well 
together, and perfuming to suit the taste. 



10 MARX & RAWOLLE, GLYCERINE MANUFACTURERS. 

Cosmetic. — As Glycerine has no injurious effects, it 
is the best and safest of cosmetics — removing pimples 
and blotches; producing a clear, transparent and white 
complexion ; making the skin smooth and soft; and 
preventing chapping of the hands and face. When Gly- 
cerine is rubbed on a sore or chapped skin, it produced 
a marked burning sensation, which is due to the fact, 
that like alcohol, it has a great avidity for water, abstract- 
ing and absorbing the same from the skin. By first dip- 
ping the hands in warm water, and patting off the super- 
fluous moisture with a towel, then applying Glycerine; 
or, by applying a mixture of Glycerine and water, this 
burning sensation is materially lessened. 

Lotion or Wash. — For toilet use, an excellent lotion 
is prepared by mixing one part Glycerine and two parts 
of water; or equal parts of Glycerine, solution of borax 
and water; shake well together, and add any desirable per- 
f Me. This preparation is recommended to use immedi- 
ately after drying with a towel, and while the skin is still 
moist from washing — pour a few drops in the palm of the 
hand, and rub over the face and hands; an application 
two or three times a day never fails to produce a smooth 
and soft skin, and will prevent all chapping. 

In short, the healing and curative virtues of Glycerine 
are so many, that it may in justice be termed, a trues 
universal remedy for skin affections, and it is to be re^ 
gretted that its merits are not generally known, to be 
appreciated to their full extent. 

USES IN THE ARTS. 

We will now call attention to some of the prominent 
applications of Glycerine to the arts. 



MARX & RAWOLLE, GLYCERINE MANUFACTURERS. 11 

Perfumery. — As pure Glycerine is perfectly inodorous 
and possesses in a high degree the property of absorbing 
and fixing odors, it is employed as a carrier and preserver 
of scents and perfumes, and also of obtaining the extrac- 
tive matter from vegetable substances and maintaining 
them for a long time, in an unaltered condition. Take 
a tin box and fill it carefully with leaves, blossoms or 
other parts of plants, being careful not to bruise them, 
and pour on Glycerine, till the whole box be filled to the 
exclusion of the air ; seal the box hermetically, and 
lay it one side for a year — then open the box and press 
out all Glycerine, and it will be found the bearer of the 
most evanescent and delicate perfumes. For perfumery 
purposes this process is of the greatest importance, 
especially in cases where the delicacy of the odor will 
not admit of distillation. There are very strong and 
powerful scents, like those of Jasmine, etc., which notwith- 
standing their strength will not bear distillation. If 
Jasmine blossoms are distilled with steam, a perfume is 
obtained which can hardly be recognized. Formerly the 
best and purest olive oil was used, but this is apt to undergo 
acidification, and hence Glycerine is much to be preferred. 

Miscellaneous. — It has also been suggested to sprinkle 
Glycerine over tea and coffee, thereby fixing and retaining 
the fine flavor and aroma, and improving the quality of 
the beverage; this process, besides being highly advan- 
tageous to the flavor of the tea and coffee, render them 
cheaper, as they gain in weight thereby. 

Glycerine, although of an oily nature, is not prone 
to fermentation nor decomposition; it does not become 
sour, rancid nor gummy; it remains fluid at a temperature 
when quicksilver becomes frozen solid, and it does not 
evaporate below 200° Fahr. For these reasons it may be 



12 MARX & RAWOLLE, GLYCERINE MANUFACTURERS. 

advantageously applied to oiling delicate and exposed 
machinery, such as tower clocks, chronometers, surveying 
instruments, gas meters, etc. It is extensively employed 
in dyeing, for dissolving the colors; for copying inks, hand 
stamps, etc. Its use is also recommended for fire-arms of 
all kinds to prevent rust, and on other bright metallic 
surfaces, by wiping with a rag dipped in Glycerine. By 
immersing wooden vessels in hot Glycerine, they can be 
kept perfectly tight, even when exposed empty to the 
rays of a burning sun; vessels thus treated can only be 
employed for holding fats, oils, turpentine and dry sub- 
stances — but not water nor alcohol ; and a valuable appli- 
cation has been suggested to butter tubs, as Glycerine has 
a preservative property, and thus will prevent the butter 
from turning rancid. It is employed in photography, to 
keep the film from becoming dry where long exposures 
are necessary. 

All articles which are required to be preserved in a 
moist condition r but which are apt to become dry, may be kept 
constantly Jit for use by a slight addition of Glycerine ; 
hence, its beneficial application in the manufacture of 
mustard and like substances. It has also been suggested 
for bread, cake, etc. 

Modelling Clay. — It is used in modelling clay, as 
it keeps the latter moist and plastic for a long time, 
whether exposed to heat or cold. 

Printing Ink Hollers. — Instead of molasses, Glycer- 
ine is substituted in combination with glue to make print- 
ing ink rollers. 

Preservation. — On account of its antiseptic properties 
it is suggested to use Glycerine for the preservation of 



MARX & RAW0LLE, GLYCERINE MANUFACTURERS. 13 

meats, fruits and vegetables, which may be kept moist 
and fresh, by enclosing them in bottles and cases sub- 
merged in an aqueous solution of Glycerine. 

Anatomical Specimens. — For preserving anatomical, 
physiological and zoological specimens, especially fishes 
that have brilliant colored scales, Glycerine is preferable 
to alcohol, as it does not evaporate. 

Wine and Liquors. — Glycerine is also of great service 
in the improvement of wine, liquor, beer and ale, impart- 
ing a body and flavor otherwise unobtainable. The use 
of Glycerine for the amelioration of wines is rapidly ex- 
tending. According to an estimate made in the year 1869, 
not less than 2,250,000 lbs. of this liquid (being more 
than the total estimated consumption last year in the 
United States for all purposes) was used in Germany 
alone, for this purpose. According to the investigations 
of Pasteur, it is proved that Glycerine belongs to the noi- 
mal condition of wine, and is always produced in the 
alcoholic fermentation of sugar, to the extent of about 3 per 
cent. It has been found to be of especial value for effer- 
vescing wines, and the application is termed Scheele-izing, 
in remembrance of Scheele, the discoverer of Glycerine. 
The Glycerine should be added to beer, ale or wine after 
fermentation, in the proportion of 2 to 3 per cent, by 
measure ; besides imparting a body and flavor, it has also 
the property of preventing all further fermentation. 

Tobacco and Snuff. — Glycerine is extensively used 
for snuff and chewing tobacco, keeping them always 
moist, preventing their drying out, is the best solvent 
and preservative for flavors, and is not liable to fermen- 
tation like molasses. 



14 MARX & RAWOLLE, GLYCERINE MANUFACTURERS. 

Leather. — Glycerine should be added to oil or fat in 
greasing harness, to keep the leather from becoming weak 
and rotten, caused by the action of ammonia in stables. 
It is also applied to machinery bands, to preserve the 
leather from cracking. It is used in shoe-blacking, on 
account of its keeping the leather soft and pliable, and 
maintaining the blacking in a moist condition. 

Lubricator. — Plumbago mixed with Glycerine is said 
to make an excellent lubricator for machinery, car axles, 
etc. 

Soap. — A genuine Glycerine soap is a preparation for 
cleansing and softening the skin, and is a superior article 
for toilet use — in washing, shaving, shampooing, etc., and 
is especially recommended as a dentrifice and for a baby 
wash — combining the cleansing properties of soap with 
the emollient virtues of Glycerine. Glycerine soaps are 
very common in name but very rare in reality. We man- 
ufacture a genuine Glycerine soap, under the name of 
" Rawolle's Toilet Glycerine Cake," which contains 50 
per cent, of Glycerine, and we recommend it for toilet use. 






MARX h RAWOLLE, GLYCERINE MANUFACTURERS. 15 



TABLE SHOWING THE DENSITY OF GLYCERINE AT 



SHOWING 


THE 


DENSITY 


OF 


GLYCERINE 


DIFFEREN1 


! TEMPERATURES. 


Degrees of 




Specific 




Density by 


Fahrenheit. 




Gravity. 


Beauuie H/drometer. 


105 




1.235 




27° 


100 




1.238 




27f 


95 




1.240 




28° 


90 




1.245 




28i° 


85 




1.248 




28£° 


77 




1.250 




29° 


70 




1.252 




29f 


60 




1.256 




29|° 


50 




1.260 




30° 






TABLE SHOWING THE PER CENTAGE OF GLYCERINE OF 
SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1.260 TAKEN AS 100. 



Specific 
Gravity. 

1.024 


No. of Degrees, by 
Beaume Hydrometer. 

31° 


Per centage of 
Glycerine by weight. 

10 


Freezing Point 
by Fahrenh't 

-|-30° 


1.051 


7° 




20 


-1-261° 


1.075 


10° 




30 


-|-21° 


1.105 


14° 




40 


0° 


1.117 


151° 




45 


—15° 


1.127 


17° 




50 


—27° 


1.159 


20° 




60 


] —31° 


1.179 
1.204 
1.232 
1.241 


22° 
25° 
28° 
29° 




70 
80 
90 
94 


[ not fro- 
zen at 
| this tem- 
j perature. 



1G MARX & RAW0LLE, GLYCERINE MANUFACTURERS. 

We have sometimes been asked the ridiculous question 
" Is Glycerine Explosive," to which we reply that Glyce- 
rine is quite a different thing from Nitro Glycerine. We 
mentioned in the beginning of this pamphlet how Glyce- 
rine is made ; it possesses about as much explosive power, 
as Linseed Oil; nor is there a particle more danger in 
handling nor manufacturing it. Nitro-Glycerine however, 
is very poisonous and possesses a wonderfully explosive 
power, being many times stronger and more effective than 
the best gunpowder, and is made by adding Nitric and 
Sulphuric Acids to Chemically Pure Glycerine. 

We have before spoken disparagingly of the foreign 
Glycerines as a class, and stated that they were inferior to 
the American make. We would again suggest that all 
consumers and dealers apply the severest tests to Glycer- 
ines for the purpose of learning whether they are buying 
a chemically pure article. The former have a good ap- 
pearance, and look perfect — make the tests however, and 
it will soon be found that chemically they are filthy and 
impure. 

The three following are the best practical tests, 
being simple and efficient in detecting the principal im- 
purities that occur : 

1st — Its odor when cold and when gently heated. If 
it contains the volatile oils and fatty acids, the 
odor is readily made apparent by the peculiar 
foetid smell emited, when the Glycerine is rub- 
bed between the palms of the hands. 
2d — Its specific gravity — the heavier the better it is. 
3d — Its behavior when diluted and treated with a 
solution of nitrate of silver. For this purpose 
put in a small test tube 2 teaspoonsful of Gly- 
cerine, 1 teaspoonful of distilled water, and shake 
well together; then pour in about -J- teaspoonful of 



MARX & BAWOLLE, GLYCERINE MANUFACTURERS. 17 

solution of Nitrate of Silver, and shake the mix- 
ture again ; if the Glycerine be impure, a white 
or yellowish precipitate will be formed. 

Chlorine and Chlorides, produce a white precipitate 
with a solution of nitrate of silver. 

Lime may be detected by oxalate of ammonia. 

Lead, by sulphide of ammonium. 

The sulphates produce a precipitate with chloride 
of barium. 

Glucose or grape sugar is used to adulterate Glycerine, 
and may be detected by heating the Glycerine in a glass 
test tube, with a piece of caustic potash, when the sugar 
will be turned to a blackish eolor; if cane sugar be pre- 
sent it acquires a deep blue tint. The polariscope will 
also detect the presence of saccharine matter by polarizing 
transmitted light, whereas Glycerine does not. 

A prime quality of Chemically Pure Glycerine 
should have a gravity of 29J° Beaume at the standard 
temperature of 60° Fahr. (the Beaume hydrometer used 
should have an enlarged scale of say 1\ inches to the 
degree, each degree divided into tenths) and the Glycerine 
should be odorless, colorless, and remain perfectly limpid 
when tested with a solution of Nitrate of Silver. 



OUR GLYCERINE 

IS PUT UP 

In Barrels containing aftoat 440 lbs, each. 

In Cases of 100 lis. eacli — toeing two 50 lb, tin cans in 

one liox, 
In spare patent Cans of 50 lbs. each. 
In 1 11). Glass Bottles. 



1411 & ®AW€HjIiB f 

MANUFACTURERS OF 



$tytmm> 



COLORLESS, INODOROUS AND OF THE HIGHEST SPECIFIC 

GRAVITY. 



Surpassed by None. 



We manufacture the best quality of 



WITHOUT THE USE OF CHEMICALS. 



MARX & RAWOLLE, 

Manufacturers of 

WHITE, BROWN AND BLACK 

AND 

ALCOHOL LACKERS 

OF ALL COLORS. 

FOR METALS, WOOD, LEATHER, PAPER, 
0HR0M0S, PAINTINGS, Etc 

Protects bright metal surfaces from tarnishing, 

produces on Furniture an unequalled 

polish and gloss, etc., etc. 



MARX & RAWOLLE, 

Manufacturers of 
THE BEST 

Bleached Shellac 

AND 

Eefined Shellac. 



MARX & RAWOLLE, 

MANUFACTURERS OF 
All Colors and Qualities of 

TOBACCO SEALING- WAX, 

BOTTLE SEALING WAX, 

PACKAGE SEALING WAX, 



MARX & RAWOLLE, 

Manufacturers of 

Rawolle's Toilet Glycerine Gate" or Sean, 

BEING A PREPARATION FOR CLEANSING, WHITEN- 
ING AND SOFTENING THE SEIN; AND 
CONTAINS FIFTY PER CENT. OF 

PURE GLYCERINE. 



JOHN F. HENRY, Sole Agent, 

7 St 9 COLLEGE PLACE, NEW YORE, 
To whom all orders should be addressed. 



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